The full text of the Gospels (the four accounts of Christ's life attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, respectively), often accompanied by introductory matter such as the Prefaces of Saint Jerome, Eusebius' CANON TABLES (with or without corresponding marginal numbers in the text indicating Eusebian sections or chapter numbers), and chapter lists (capitula). Glosses were often written in the margins or between the lines. See also VADE MECUM.Ī word or words commenting on, elucidating, or translating those of the main text. Notebooks and sets of small wax TABLETS were also worn on the belt. They were particularly popular during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Girdle books were most often BOOKS OF HOURS or PRAYER BOOKS carried for devotional purposes (especially by wealthy women) and frequently had high-quality metalwork BINDINGS. The gilding of a manuscript illustration was carried out by the artist or by a specialist.Ī small portable book. Gilding formed the first stage in the painting processes of illumination, since it was a messy activity, the gilded area often requiring trimming with a KNIFE. However it was applied, the gold could be BURNISHED or left in its slightly duller state. Gesso grounds enabled the gilded surface to be TOOLED. In order to enrich the tonality of the gold and to make the areas to which the ground had been applied more visible, a colorant such as bole (a pink earth colour) was often added to the base. The gold leaf could simply be laid down on an area to which a BINDING MEDIUM such as glair or gum (perhaps mixed with honey to prevent it from cracking) had been applied, as was the case during the early Middle Ages it could also be laid on a raised GROUND of GESSO. Gold could be applied as an INK, in an expensive powdered form, for use in detailed work and in CHRYSOGRAPHY, but it was more frequently applied in medieval ILLUMINATION in the form of gold leaf. The application of gold or silver to a surface. Gesso is used in manuscript ILLUMINATION as a GROUND for some GILDING processes, since it forms a raised surface ideal for BURNISHING and tooling (see TOOLED). They made a major contribution to the development of INSULAR and PRE-CAROLINGIAN art and book production, and fostered regional developments in SCRIPT and language.Ī thick, water-base paint commonly formed of plaster, CHALK, or gypsum bound together with a glue. Although initially largely illiterate, they brought with them a vigorous art style, characterized by zoomorphic ornament and INTERLACE patterns. Beginning in the late fourth century, they increasingly settled, or conquered, what had been the western Roman Empire, forming a number of successor states (such as Frankia, ANGLO-SAXON England, Visigothic Spain, and Ostrogothic and Lombardic Italy). The Germanic peoples originated in the Iron Age. Gauffered pages have tooling (see TOOLED) on their opening edges, usually in the form of an incised design on a gold ground, so that when the book is shut a pattern or device can be seen on the FORE EDGE. Gall can also be used in tanning processes. Tannic and gallic acids contained in gallnuts can be soaked out in water, the gall solution forming the basis of INK. A swelling, also known as an oak apple, that forms on the bark of an oak tree after it has been stung by an insect laying its eggs.
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